https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar <div> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;">Athar Al-rafedain Journal (AARJ) is a trusted scientific journal that examines the monuments of Iraq and the ancient Near East, as well as ancient languages with their dialects and comparative studies, as well as cuneiform writings and ancient fonts, and it is also concerned with ancient history and ancient civilizations, this journal is issued twice a year by the College of Archaeology, University of Mosul, Mosul - Iraq since 2012. It is an open access journal published under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY). It also uses the double-blind evaluating review system to ensure the quality of publications. Athar al-rafedain journal publishes original researches and reviewing researches, and the analysis of cuneiform texts and reports of archaeological excavations, it is one of the Iraqi journals that are known internationally, regionally and locally. </span></li> </ul> <div> <p><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;">___________________________________________________________________________________________________</span></p> <p><strong>Athar al-rafedain</strong> (<span style="font-size: 0.875rem;"><strong>AARJ</strong>)</span> is a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Publishers Compact. <span style="font-size: 0.875rem;"><strong>AARJ </strong></span>supports the following U.N. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) :</p> <p>1- Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.</p> <p>2- Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.</p> <p>3- Clean Water: Ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.</p> <p>4- Affordable and clean energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.</p> <p>5- Industry, innovation, and infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.</p> <p>6- Sustainable cities and communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.</p> </div> <div> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> </div> </div> University of Mosul en-US Athar al-rafedain 2304-103X https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37627 <![CDATA[Dictionaries have been of great importance in human life since ancient times, as they are considered a means of preserving the language and protecting it from loss. In addition, they are considered an important communication tool between the dictionary user and linguistic developments. Preserving the meanings of vocabulary within these dictionaries works to maintain the language and the possibility of benefiting from it in many fields. Among these languages is the Syriac language, in which dictionaries were one of the main reasons for the survival of this language. However, the production of these dictionaries requires many complex steps to reach the final product, and among these steps is explaining the meaning within the dictionaries. Explaining the meaning is considered one of the basic things that help in creating a solid dictionary that all its users rely on. Therefore, in this research, we will discuss the nature of explaining the meaning in dictionaries, the most important methods of explaining it, and the theories related to it, with an applied study on a group of Syriac dictionaries.]]> mark watheq kokrees Ammar Abdul-Razaq Alzuhairy Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 115 128 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37627 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37628 <![CDATA[India has become, with the presence of Muslims in it (since the conquest until the end of the era of the Islamic Sultanate), an important center of civilizational polarization. And that all of this necessitated the existence of places for religious education, especially with regard to Islamic principles, Sharia, jurisprudence and culture, a matter that fell on the shoulders of a number of scholars who established private Islamic schools for the above purpose.The research focuses on introducing one of the private schools in India, which focused its attention on writing in the history of Islamic India, as well as interest in Islamic jurisprudence.he research focuses on introducing one of the private schools in India, which focused its attention on writing in the history of Islamic India, as well as interest in Islamic jurisprudence. he research focuses on introducing one of the private schools in India, which focused its attention on writing in the history of Islamic India, as well as interest in Islamic jurisprudence.]]> Ali raad fathi yasir almashhadani Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 25 44 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37628 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37629 <![CDATA[Abstract: The Sumerian text" The Curse of Agade " is one of the important literary historical texts that received the attention of scribes in the Old Babylonian era since the beginning of the second millennium BC, and even since the time of its codification, which dates back at least to the beginning of the Twenty-First Century BC in the era of the Third Dynasty of Ur, there have been at least a hundred copies of this text, most of which were written in the Old Babylonian period, and some of them date back to Ur III period.This study dealt with the grammar of the Sumerian language - the text "Curse of Agade" is a model, specifically the emphasis was placed on the pronouns of the name, as it is no secret to researchers the importance of studying pronouns in any language, they connect the parts of sentences, and have a benefit in brevity, brevity and removing confusion in speech, as it is known that the pronoun stands for a name, or something that has already been mentioned or is known from the context of speech, hence the research came to highlight the study of the pronouns of the name in the Sumerian language contained in the text of the Curse of Agade in order to identify one of the important aspects in the grammar of the Sumerian language.]]> Othman Ghanim Mohammed muayad sulaiman Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 221 232 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37629 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37630 <![CDATA[The research provides a detailed analysis of the Akkadian language in describing destruction, highlighting how Akkadian words offer comprehensive and varied meanings related to ruin. It emphasizes that there is a significant number of terms, totaling 23, that directly convey the concept of destruction, along with an additional 7 terms that, although not primarily denoting ruin, indicate it through secondary meanings depending on the context.The text also underscores that these terms extend beyond merely representing physical destruction to include metaphorical meanings that describe the devastation of human beings in all its forms both material and spiritual and illustrate the impact of natural disasters and wars on cities and people.This diversity in vocabulary reflects the frequency of political and military events in the Mesopotamian region, which deeply influenced its inhabitants and their language. The text indicates that this rich vocabulary highlights the development of the Akkadian language and its capacity to express various aspects of destruction accurately, showcasing the linguistic and literary heritage of the Akkadian civilization.]]> Mohammed Muhareb Ali Al-Jubouri Herez abdulnasser ali Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 45 66 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37630 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37631 <![CDATA[The cities of Muza and Qana played a significant role in the history of ancient Yemen due to their distinguished locations in the west and east. Their importance increased with the presence of a commercial port in each city and the export of their goods. They were mentioned in the inscriptions of the ancient Yemeni language and in religious sources and books, in the Book of Ezekiel, which dates back to prehistoric times, as well as in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which dates back to the first centuries AD. The two cities were a starting point for land and sea routes, and these routes reached the inland cities and the cities of the ancient world]]> Mohammed Ali Saeed Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 129 150 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37631 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37632 <![CDATA[Ummn-Manda is a name that means Mandas forces in Akkadian Language. It was mentioned in cuneiform written sources since the beginning of the second millennium BC, and it indicated a group of people moving in many and distant geographical areas, within the framework of northern and eastern Mesopotamia, that is, the regions of Kurdistan, Zagros, and what is related to them. It also had a presence in the northern Syrian coast. The texts portrayed it as the source of violence, evil, and constant danger that could befall the centres of civilization in the countries of Babylon, Assyria, and elsewhere, and described it with the Akkadian phrase, the offspring of destruction zr alqatiThis research aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the groups historical role over the long period of time documented by the texts and seeks to define the features of its identity based on the approach of distinguishing the geographical frameworks of its existence and spread, then linking that presence to historical events, and explaining the nature of its relationship with the peoples of the region.]]> Farouk Ismail Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 5 24 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37632 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37633 <![CDATA[Among the cuneiform texts currently preserved in the Sulaymaniyah Museum, which has been obtained through purchase and confiscation, there are more than 97 Cuneiform tablets dating back to the Third Dynastic of Ur. It formed a private archive for one of the Sumerian merchants known as (Eidum), which was not known until the present time. The archive as a whole gives us an idea of the work activities of a member of the strata of Sumerian society during the second half of the rule of the third dynasty of Ur, who is quite similar to the work of the well-known merchants of this period (SI.A-a and Tram-il). Isidum, is known by his surname, was (dam-gara3) a merchant. The archive doesnt has a calendar system and its source is not known to the present time. In this research, we will study eight unpublished texts from the archives, which are concerned with giving various loans of grain and silver. ]]> Ari Khaleel Kamil Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 67 90 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37633 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37634 <![CDATA[This article presents the results of the fieldwork carried out in 2022 and 2023 at the site of Nimrud, ancient Kalhu, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania's Nimrud Project, a part of the Iraq Heritage Stabilization Program. The operations to date have concentrated on the Citadel, focusing on the Ishtar and Ninurta temple complex in the north, and the "Upper Chambers" / Palace of Adad-nerari III on the western side of the mound. The guiding principle has been to work towards the rehabilitation of Nimrud as a cultural asset of international importance following the damage inflicted on the site in 201516.This article presents the results of the fieldwork carried out in 2022 and 2023 at the site of Nimrud, ancient Kalhu, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania's Nimrud Project, a part of the Iraq Heritage Stabilization Program. The operations to date have concentrated on the Citadel, focusing on the Ishtar and Ninurta temple complex in the north, and the "Upper Chambers" / Palace of Adad-nerari III on the western side of the mound. The guiding principle has been to work towards the rehabilitation of Nimrud as a cultural asset of international importance following the damage inflicted on the site in 201516.]]> Maikel Danti Danti John D. A. MacGinnis William B. Hafford Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 193 220 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37634 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37636 <![CDATA[Abstract: The present research is a study of six cuneiform texts with economic connotations dating back to the Late Old Babylonian period. These texts have been discovered at Tell Abu Habba, the city of Sippar, during 24th season of excavations conducted by the Department of Archaeology, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, in 2002, when 700 cuneiform texts have been found in one important buildings, which is considered as a large quantity. It is worth noting this building is considered as one of the important buildings by the excavators, because of its location in the middle of the city on the one hand, and also because it contains this considerable number of clay tablets on the other hand.All of these discovered texts are kept in the Iraqi Museum, and through studying the historical date formula of these texts, we found that most of them belong to the reign of the Babylonian king Amme-adoqa (1646-1626 BC).]]> یاسر جابر خلیل Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 171 192 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37636 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37638 <![CDATA[This research aims to study the factors affecting building stones (limestone) in Harim Castle in northwest Syria, which threaten to erode the archaeological features of the castle due to neglect for more than a decade amidst the Syrian war. It also explores the methods for protection and necessary treatment measures, including physical and chemical treatments, to halt the growing and increasing risk in the absence of international laws concerned with the protection of cultural heritage. Among the most dangerous factors in Harim Castle are biological factors, represented by various types of impacts. This research highlights highly dangerous factors that cause fragmentation and breaking of building stone surfaces, distortion of decorations including inscriptions, signs, and symbols, and erosion of the mortar layer (clay) between building stones, making them less cohesive. These factors include living organisms (bacteria and fungi), birds (swallows, wild pigeons, and bats), animals (rats and mice), insects (ants and cockroaches), and plant roots (wild fig and Capparis or spinosa, and climbing plants). The severity of these factors on building stones in Harim Castle is exacerbated by their interaction with other factors, such as climatic factors, particularly (temperature and humidity). These cause cracks and fissures in building walls due to summer contraction and winter swelling due to thermal differences and chemical reactions, particularly acids and salts due to excessive humidity in the castle, especially in recent times.]]> Anas Ahmad Haj Ziedan Ibrahim Waleed Hassani Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 91 114 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37638 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37639 <![CDATA[IntroductionCylinder seals are among the most important artifacts for studying the art of Mesopotamian civilization. They offer researchers and specialists a clear understanding of their themes, symbolic meanings, and the progression of artistic styles depicted in their scenes over different historical periods.This study focuses on five unpublished cylinder seals, three of which date back to the Jamdat Nasr period (3000-2900 BC), a fourth seal from the Early Dynastic II period (2800-2600 BC), and the fifth and final seal from the beginning of the Akkadian period (2370-2154 BC).The study provides a technical description and analysis of the contents of these seals, as well as a comparison, with tables, photos, and drawings to support it. IntroductionCylinder seals are among the most important artifacts for studying the art of Mesopotamian civilization. They offer researchers and specialists a clear understanding of their themes, symbolic meanings, and the progression of artistic styles depicted in their scenes over different historical periods.This study focuses on five unpublished cylinder seals, three of which date back to the Jamdat Nasr period (3000-2900 BC), a fourth seal from the Early Dynastic II period (2800-2600 BC), and the fifth and final seal from the beginning of the Akkadian period (2370-2154 BC).The study provides a technical description and analysis of the contents of these seals, as well as a comparison, with tables, photos, and drawings to support it.]]> Abbas Taha Alhadrawi Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 233 249 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37639 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37635 <![CDATA[.AbstractThis research attempts to shed light on the most important political contents of the book Halal Al-Moshe in mentioning the Marrakesh news, which is considered one of the valuable books of great importance. Although the book is used by an era and placed among the books of works on the history of cities, it is in its chapters and its material does not adhere to the art of history. . Cities and its bases, but it talks about the comprehensive history of the northern Maghreb during various mobile eras, starting with the state of the Almoravids and Alohas, which enjoyed their participation in all parts of the Islamic Maghreb, including the Andalusian Peninsula, and following the chapters of the book you find it from the place of the historical framework, it does not stop at the borders of the two states, but rather goes beyond them to touch on the history The state of Benin Marin.]]> Enas Idris Danoon Khattab Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 151 170 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37635 https://athar.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/athar/article/view/37637 <![CDATA[]]> - - Copyright (c) 2025-06-01 2025-06-01 10 2 1 4 10.33899/aarj.v10i2.37637