Athar al-rafedain

(Technical Institute of Antiquities and Museums in Syria as Model)

2025-12-28T09:48:49+00:00

Vocational and technical education is one of the fundamental pillars for building a healthy society and for achieving and supporting the principles of sustainable development. This type of education, delivered by educational institutions (governmental, private, and civil), focuses on qualifying students and equipping them with cognitive and professional skills, with the goal of preparing skilled craftsmen (labor) in different disciplines. Therefore, this study concerned on the reality and importance of this education and its important role in implementing the goals of sustainable development and securing job opportunities that keep pace with the labor market. To accomplish this study, it is necessary to adopt a scientific approach that combines with descriptive and analytical which based on reviewing most sources and references, as well as various experiences. The study then analyzes the experience of the Technical Institute of Antiquities and Museums in the Syria as a model. It hoped that this would provide a comprehensive picture of the reality of education and sustainable development and the most important problems facing it, with the aim of developing appropriate solutions to disseminate the culture of this type of education, given its importance in building a better future.

The Cross in the Arts of the Egyptian civilization

2025-12-28T10:10:50+00:00

The Egyptian civilization began in ancient times and passed through various historical eras. Initially, Egyptian art was simple, consisting of symbolic and pictorial shapes representing the symbols used in daily life. However, over time, this art evolved, and Egyptian artists began carving on polished stones. The skill of this art is evident in several artifacts that still stand today. Among the symbols used by ancient Egyptian artists was the cross, known in its primitive form as the "Ankh," also called the "Key of the Nile."

The ancient Egyptians carried the Ankh as an amulet for protection and to ward off evil spirits, similar to how the Assyrians in Mesopotamia wore the cross as an amulet to repel evil spirits and to grant them strength in battles. This symbol appeared on various seals, tablets, and obelisks, alongside images of deities and in sacred scenes, often accompanying other religious symbols. When Christianity emerged in Egypt, Egyptians used the Ankh instead of the cross to avoid persecution. Later, they adopted the cross as a symbol of their Christian faith, representing Jesus Christ, and placed it on their tombs, churches, and the walls of their homes.

The cross appeared in ancient Egyptian civilization in various forms, including the equal-armed cross, the cross resembling the Ankh, the Christian cross, the cross with a tuft of hair, and the cross carried by a shell, among other forms of the cross

Unpublished administrative texts of Ur III (confiscated)

2025-12-30T06:06:03+00:00

The research deals with unpublished administrative cuneiform texts from the era of Ur III (2012-2004 BC), in which some of the administrative tasks of officials and officials who worked during the years of rule of four kings of this era were explained: Shulgi, Amar-Sin, Shu-Sin, and Abi -Sin Its contents included mention of various types of animals, such as bulls and sheep, in addition to various materials, beer, butter, and others, in the presence of figures including officials and employees such as the mediator, the royal envoy, and the clerk of spices. They carry out various daily tasks in order to manage the affairs of the state, and by comparing the names of the people and the months it became clear that they go back to the city of Iri-šarraki/iri-sag-rig₇, and it is worth saying that this era was known for the existence of archives from The texts go back to several sites, as well as cuneiform texts of decisions and confiscations that have shown us the administrative and economic system, which is managed by employees and officials who record daily, monthly, and annual information in all its details, such as mentioning the names of workers, their number, and their places of work in the palace, or the temple, or industrial workshops, or farms, etc. They take their orders from the king and the upper class in the third state of Ur III.

The Economic and Cultural Importance of Nomadic Groups in Ancient Sudan: The Nomads of the Meroitic Period as a Case Study (350 BC - 350 AD)

2025-12-30T06:42:07+00:00

The center of Kush civilization _ in the middle Nile valley_ shifted during the ancient history of the Sudan from the north to the south. Beginning with Kerma south to the third cataract area and Napata in around the fourth cataract area, then Meroe between the fifth and sixth cataract. Meroitic period coincided with some cultural characteristics:

the transformation of the royal cemetery.
The increase of Greco-Roman influences in architecture and art. The development of a Meroitic script,
and the integration some of popular deities into the Meroitic pantheon.

Most of these features are archaeologically concentrated into the heartlands of the kingdom, which has mentioned in ancient sources as the Island of Meroe; that the area provided the kingdom by the necessary row material for the distance trade. Meanwhile, the social identity of the population whom were active in this work remained unknown. by the description and analyses to the epigraphic and archaeological sources, this article propose that Meroitic rulers concerns by the heartlands of the kingdom due; the importance of nomad groups, whom provided these sources, then they became dominant and they have presented by their popular cults in the Meroitic pantheon.

Unpublished Clay Tablets from the Iraqi Museum

2025-12-30T06:51:32+00:00

This research deals with the publication and study of six previously unpublished Terracotta tablets currently kept in the Iraqi Museum in Baghdad, all of which are confiscated pieces (confiscated pieces are those pieces that were stolen from archaeological sites in an unofficial manner and were seized by official authorities to be later delivered to the Iraqi Museum and registered under the name of confiscated antiquities). After obtaining official approvals for our study of these pieces, they were carefully examined and scrutinized to be the subject of the submitted research. The research included an analytical and applied study of all the technical details of these panels, from photographing and documenting information about their shapes and museum numbers, as well as their measurements, colors, and condition, as well as drawing them. Since any study requires a comparison of these pieces of art in order to verify and determine the technical and artistic advantages and attribute these pieces of art to the era to which they belong, it became clear to us that these tablets date back to the ancient Babylonian era. In studying these clay tablets, I relied on the analytical and descriptive artistic archaeological method. As for the subject and content of these pottery panels, two of them represent gods and the third represents the naked female.

Cultural Influences between Egypt and Syria in the Middle Bronze (2000 – 1500 B.C)

2025-12-30T07:00:17+00:00

The ancient East was a focal point for the convergence and interaction of civilizations, making it difficult to precisely determine the achievements of each people. They left behind a rich heritage of literature and science. These heritages were an expression of their visions of the laws of existence and their roles. They also revealed the concerns, ideas, and lifestyles of these peoples across the ages. The intellectual aspect of science and literature constituted one of the cultural components that enriched and were deeply rooted in both Syria and Egypt. Due to commercial and peaceful relations and geographical proximity, language, writing, literature, and other aspects of human history were subject to cultural interaction. The importance of the research comes in an attempt to bridge the gap through studying the intellectual influences between Syria and Egypt in the Middle Bronze Age (2000 - 1500 BC) by identifying the forms of literature that appeared in the Syrian kingdoms and the history of their cultural contact in Egypt, relying on archaeological evidence such as inscriptions that will shed light on the mutual influences in that period. Therefore, during this study, we will present the role of thought that formed the most important pillars of the culture of the ancient East, clarifying the literary influences through the literature of myth, stories and hymns, in addition to the linguistic and written influences, by focusing on essential points that will lead to the interpretation and knowledge of the mutual influences between the two civilizations

Al-Abbasiya and Al-Fil: Two Irrigation Canals – A Study in Light of Archaeological Surveys

2025-12-30T07:13:34+00:00

The study sheds light on two ancient irrigation canals on the Lower Zab tributary known as Al-Abbasiya and Al-Fil. The study deals with the supposed development of these two ancient canals, their functions, and the nature of their extension from the beginning, where they emerged from the Lower Zab tributary until their mouth in Wadi Zaghaitun, the villages, archaeological sites, and stations that pass through them, and attempts to determine their history based on the archaeological sites and other ancient irrigation projects near them, especially the irrigation canals extending in the Makhmur Plain, known as the First and Second Abbasid River Canal or Makhmur Canal, as well as based on the nature of the canals, their meanders, and the amounts of silt they contain.

The use of the Active Participle form in professions, machines, and personal nouns in the Akkadian language

2025-12-30T07:40:01+00:00

The subject of the active Participle is one of the most important grammatical topics. Almost every book of the Semitic languages has not been exposed to this formula. In this study, we dealt with the work of this formula in denoting the names of professions, machines and personal names in the Akkadian language, and we have shown the importance of the active Participle in the Akkadian language on both levels: Morphological and grammatical, and the study relied on the descriptive approach in dealing with research topics, as the study dealt with the definition of the active Participle and its formulation from the abstract verb and more, and its grammatical uses in the names of professions, machines and personal names in the Akkadian language

Unpublished Terracotta Animal Figurines from the City of Girsu

2025-12-31T06:33:49+00:00

The study of terracotta animal dolls in Mesopotamia is one of the important artistic topics that gave us valuable information from a technical point of view, especially the knowledge of animals in the ancient Iraqi environment, as well as being an important reliable guide in determining the period of time that they lived in Mesopotamia. Animal puppets are important artistic relics and a source for studying art and its development through different ages, and that animal puppets were evidence of the living of these animals in the regions of Mesopotamia

The planning and Architecture of the Ziyada House in Mosul during the Ottoman Period

2025-12-31T10:03:18+00:00

This study, entitled The Design and Architecture of the Ziyada House in Mosul during the Ottoman Period, addresses one of the most significant types of Islamic architecture - a cornerstone of its built heritage - that fulfills daily human needs through architectural methods meeting environmental and social requirements.
The research attempts to examine a residential house that stands as one of the most important examples representing the form, image, and layout of domestic architecture during the Ottoman period. Islamic architecture, through its planning and decorative elements, had a direct impact on both the public and private spheres of individuals and communities, as it was deeply rooted in the heritage and traditions of ancestors. The Holy Qur’an expresses the importance of the dwelling clearly in the verse:

“And Allah has made for you from your homes a place of rest and made for you from the hides of animals tents which you find light on the day of travel and when you stop, and from their wool, fur, and hair furnishings and goods for a time.”

These architectural forms varied from one region to another depending on climatic conditions and inherited architectural and cultural traditions. The evolution of form and function over time is also observable as circumstances changed.

Cuneiform Text from Neo-Sargonic Period

2025-12-31T19:56:43+00:00

This study presents a newly identified cuneiform tablet from the Sargonic period, currently preserved in the Iraq Museum under the registration number (IM.203815). The text is an economic document inscribed on both the obverse and reverse sides, consisting of ten lines. It records the delivery of quantities of barley measured according to the unit (gur.sag.gal₂.dul₃) as well as another type of processed barley, in addition to references to plots of land. The text is dated to the first month.

Mar-Issar, the deputy of king Aššur-Aḫi-Iddina in Babylon (680-669 B.C)

2025-12-31T20:11:27+00:00

This article aims to study the character of Mar-Issar, one of most prominent political and administrative figures during the reign of king Aššur-Aḫi-Iddina (680-669 B.C.) and who held the position of the king’s deputy in Babylon and the southern cities of Mesopotamia. He enjoyed a special significance in the royal court due to his administrative and professional experience. Therefore, king Aššur-Aḫi-Iddina assigned to him many official duties. His duties were identified through the various letters and reports he sent to the king, which addressed issues such as the administration of Babylonian temples, building and renovating temples, the construction of the statues of gods, his major duty of astrology and the interpretation of astronomical phenomena, and managing the security file in the cities of Babylon and submitting his detailed reports and observations to the King.